What is a common effect of low fluoride levels in drinking water?

Low fluoride levels in drinking water are primarily associated with an increased risk of dental caries, which are cavities or tooth decay. Fluoride plays a crucial role in the remineralization of tooth enamel and helps inhibit the growth of harmful oral bacteria that contribute to decay. When fluoride is present in adequate levels, it enhances the strength and resistance of tooth enamel against acid attacks from plaque bacteria and sugars.

In areas where fluoride levels are insufficient, bacteria can more easily produce acids that erode enamel, leading to the formation of cavities. Therefore, the lack of fluoride directly contributes to a higher incidence of dental caries among the population.

Other conditions associated with fluoride, such as fluorosis, require excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development and are not a concern with low levels. Tooth discoloration and enamel erosion can occur for various reasons but are not specifically linked to low fluoride levels in the same way dental caries are.