What should be monitored closely in a patient who has had kidney disease?

In patients with kidney disease, careful monitoring of various aspects of their health is crucial due to the kidneys' diminished ability to perform their filtering functions. Each of the options relates to important considerations for maintaining the patient's overall health, but monitoring all of them together is critical.

Fluid intake is vital because kidneys regulate fluid balance, and excessive fluid can lead to complications such as edema and hypertension. Monitoring fluid intake helps in preventing such complications.

Calcium levels are significant as kidneys are involved in calcium metabolism. When kidney function declines, it can disrupt the balance of calcium and phosphorus, leading to issues such as bone disease and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, monitoring calcium levels can help manage these risks effectively.

Electrolyte balance is essential since the kidneys help regulate electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. Imbalances in these electrolytes can have serious consequences, including arrhythmias and metabolic imbalances. Regular monitoring allows for timely interventions to correct any abnormalities.

In summary, all of these factors—fluid intake, calcium levels, and electrolyte balance—are interconnected aspects of the health of a patient with kidney disease, making comprehensive monitoring necessary to ensure proper management and reduce the risk of complications.