Which class of anti-hypertensive drugs is known to cause gingival hyperplasia?

Gingival hyperplasia is a condition characterized by an overgrowth of gum tissue, which can be a significant concern for individuals taking certain medications. Among the classes of anti-hypertensive drugs, calcium channel blockers are particularly known for this side effect.

Calcium channel blockers work by inhibiting the entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, leading to vasodilation and a reduction in blood pressure. However, one of the often-reported adverse effects of this class of medications, particularly agents like nifedipine and amlodipine, is the development of gingival hyperplasia. This side effect appears to occur due to the direct effect of these medications on the gum tissue, possibly influenced by factors such as fibroblast proliferation or altered collagen metabolism.

In contrast, while beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics have various side effects associated with their use, they are not typically linked to gingival hyperplasia. Beta-blockers primarily affect heart rate and myocardial contractility, ACE inhibitors may cause cough or angioedema, and diuretics often lead to electrolyte imbalances, but none of these classes are known to cause the overgrowth of gum tissue as seen with calcium channel blockers.