Which oral condition is characterized by white patches on the oral mucosa?

The oral condition characterized by white patches on the oral mucosa is leukoplakia. This condition presents as white, keratotic spots or patches that cannot be easily wiped off and are often considered precancerous. They can occur in various areas of the mouth, including the tongue and inner cheeks. The significance of leukoplakia lies in its association with chronic irritation, which could be due to factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, or ill-fitting dentures.

In contrast, thrush, caused by a fungal infection (often Candida), typically appears as creamy white lesions that can be wiped away, revealing a red, sometimes bleeding base underneath. Lichen planus can also present as white patches, but it is distinct because it often has a lacy, reticular pattern and is associated with autoimmune reactions. Canker sores, or aphthous ulcers, are painful sores that present as white or yellowish lesions with a red halo, but they do not form patches on the mucosa as leukoplakia does.

Understanding these distinctions is crucial for differential diagnosis and management of oral lesions, emphasizing the importance of leukoplakia in oral health assessments.